منابع مشابه
Transaction Costs , Politics , Regulatory Institutions , and Regulatory Outcomes
In order to provide a more complete framework for assessing the efficiency of government intervention, it is necessary to move away from the idealistic perspective typically found in the normative approach to traditional Public Economics. Such a move requires that the government be viewed not as a single, monolithic entity, but as a number of different government bodies with their own constitue...
متن کاملThe Unbearable Lightness of Regulatory Costs
The Article counters the presumption that increased environmental regulation necessarily decreases economic prosperity. It analyzes the European chemical regulatory structure and deduces that any costs imposed on the consumer are minimal, and more cost effective than watered-down American regulations covering the same subject matter with approximately the same cost imposed on the consumer-taxpa...
متن کاملRegulatory Control and the Costs and Benefits of Biochemical Noise
Experiments in recent years have vividly demonstrated that gene expression can be highly stochastic. How protein concentration fluctuations affect the growth rate of a population of cells is, however, a wide-open question. We present a mathematical model that makes it possible to quantify the effect of protein concentration fluctuations on the growth rate of a population of genetically identica...
متن کاملRegulatory Solutions to the Problem of High Generic Drug Costs
Recent reports have highlighted dramatic price increases for several older generic drugs, including a number of essential products used to treat deadly infectious diseases. Although most of these medicines have been widely available at reasonable prices for decades, some manufacturers have seized on unique features of the pharmaceutical marketplace to seek substantial profits. In this Perspecti...
متن کاملRegulatory Distress Costs and Risk-Taking at U.S. Commercial Banks
Over the past decade, U.S. bank regulators have introduced a number of measures to link the regulation of commercial banks to the level of risk that banks take. Risk-based capital requirements and risk-based deposit insurance premia are two prominent examples. Most recently, regulators have augmented bank exam (CAMELS) ratings to include explicit examiner assessments of banks' ability to manage...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Science
سال: 1993
ISSN: 0036-8075,1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.259.5092.159